Tytuł: Methodological comparison of lane design approaches under terminal traffic conditions in Świnoujście

Autor/Autorzy: Diana Kotkowska, Maciej Kościelecki

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Seria Organizacja i Zarządzanie

Rok: 2025

Słowa kluczowe: risk management, container terminal, port infrastructure, sustainability, maritime transport, sustainable maritime

Abstrakt:The aim of the study was to look at the challenges posed by the construction of a new container terminal in Świnoujście - both from a technical, operational, environmental and socioeconomic perspective. The authors focused on how shipping infrastructure can be designed in a modern, safe and sustainable way. A comparison of several methods for determining the width of the fairway was made to assess which one would work best. This will enable an understanding of how to make better decisions when planning such large investments. Design/methodology/approach: For the study, fairway width calculations were made using three methods - Canadian, PIANC and USACE - and the resulting data were collated to better understand the discrepancies. The study also made references to current research about risk in ports and the need for responsible and sustainable investment. Findings: The results of the analysis suggest that the discrepancies between the results of the different methods highlight the importance of an informed choice of tools and design components. It was emphasised that a flexible approach to design is needed to take into account changing climatic, technical and social conditions. The importance of implementing infrastructure monitoring systems was emphasised. Research limitations/implications: The scope of the analysis was partly limited by the availability of up-to-date technical and environmental data, which necessitated the use of simplifications that could affect the precision of the results. In the future, it would be worth extending the study to include computer simulations based on real hydrodynamic and meteorological data and comparing the results with similar investments in other ports to better adapt solutions to local conditions. Practical implications: The results presented can be a valuable resource for practitioners - from port managers to planning and investment professionals. They highlight the importance of a holistic approach - combining technical issues with analysis of risk, environment and social considerations. This can help avoid costly design mistakes and better prepare for future operational challenges. Social implications: The study highlights the impact of such investments on local communities and the environment. They can contribute to more open community dialogue and better policy decisions. Sustainable port planning affects not only the economy, but also the quality of life of residents and the state of the environment. Originality/value: The publication has a practical aspect, being based on a real case study of the planned construction of a container terminal in Świnoujscie. It compares fairway design methods in relation to local conditions. It provides a tool for those involved in port infrastructure development.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://managementpapers.polsl.pl/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/224-Kotkowska-Ko%C5%9Bcielecki.pdf

DOI: 10.29119/1641-3466.2025.224.10

Tytuł: Strategic and maritime implications of the planned fsru terminal in Gdańsk: a coastal infrastructure perspective

Autor/Autorzy: Diana Kotkowska, Maciej Kościelecki, Alicja Łuczak

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Seria Organizacja i Zarządzanie

Rok: 2025

Słowa kluczowe: FSRU, LNG terminal, maritime safety, navigational risk, coastal infrastructure, LNG import security, floating energy infrastructure

Abstrakt: he purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the planned location of the FSRU (Floating Storage Regasification Unit) terminal in the waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk with respect to the safety of navigation. The analysis is focused on determining the intensity of traffic of different classes of sea vessels in the approach area to the port of Gdańsk, indicating an increased risk of potential collision scenarios. The study covers the frequency of vessel passage through the two control gates, allowing the application of probabilistic risk assessment models for future LNG transhipment operations.Design/methodology/approach: The study used in the article consisted of examining how the intensity and structure of traffic of various types of vessels in the approach channels to the Port of Gdańsk affect the collision risk level in the context of maritime safety of the planned FSRU terminal construction. Findings: Probabilistic modelling of the number of collisions between vessels based on AIS gate data showed that cargo and container vessels pose the greatest collision risk due to their frequent movements and variable traffic intensity. The possibility of manoeuvring collisions involving passenger, service and fishing vessels was also identified. The study points to the need to implement flexible traffic management and tools for safety prediction and management. Research limitations/implications: The probabilistic models used are effective in the overall assessment of dynamics, but do not fully reflect the complexity of interactions between ships and the impact of hydrometeorological conditions. The assumptions made about the randomness and independence of events do not take into account actual operational procedures, such as entry schedules or pilotage. In the future, it would be worthwhile to broaden the approach to the issue by including models that take into account seasonal variations in vessel traffic and environmental data in order to increase the accuracy of hazard forecasting and support safety decisions in the FSRU terminal area. Practical implications: The results of the study can be used in the planning and organisation of maritime traffic in the Port of Gdańsk area, particularly in the context of integration with the operation of the FSRU terminal. The proposed approach makes it possible to predict potential collision situations. The implementation of such a model can improve navigational safety, increase fairway capacity and reduce the risk of congestion or incidents. For port operators and traffic management institutions, such as VTS, this means more efficient resource management and better preparation for handling special vessels, such as LNG. Originality/value: The paper presents the application of probabilistic models based on AIS data to assess navigational safety in the area of the planned FSRU investment. The value of the study lies in its practical approach to navigational safety analysis with a view to the future operation of the terminal. The results may be useful for maritime traffic management authorities, port planners and teams responsible for assessing the impact on the marine environment. The method developed can also be used in other ports with a similar traffic structure.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://managementpapers.polsl.pl/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/223-Kotkowska-Ko%C5%9Bcielecki-%C5%81uczak.pdf

DOI: 10.29119/1641-3466.2025.223.12

Tytuł: Navigational risk analysis in the area of the new container terminal in Świnoujście

Autor/Autorzy: Maciej Kościelecki, Diana Kotkowska

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Seria Organizacja i Zarządzanie

Rok: 2025

Słowa kluczowe: navigational safety, navigational risk analysis, AIS data, approach track, vessel traffic intensity, port spatial planning, port infrastructure, VTS

Abstrakt: The purpose of this study is to analyse and assess navigational safety in the area of the planned container terminal project in Świnoujście. Due to the strategic importance of the project, the safety assessment requires a multi-faceted approach, including mathematical modelling and simulation methods. The premise of the analysis is that the level of navigational risk in the analysed area depends on the intensity and structure of vessel traffic in the designated survey sectors. The hypothesis is based on the assumption the level of collision risk is strongly correlated with the number and type of vessels registered in the AIS data for each sector. Design/methodology/approach: The research used a quantitative analysis of AIS (Automatic Identification System) data acquired for the Baltic Sea area for 2019-2022. The data was used to estimate the level of risk in terms of potential collisions and manoeuvring errors. The study is of a practical nature and is based on empirical data and analysis of local shipping conditions. Findings: The use of simulation led to results that identified high-risk sectors and could form the basis for recommendations on navigational safety and the development of future maritime traffic management strategies. Practical implications: The study aims to analyse current AIS data and local shipping conditions, which limits its application to wider geographical contexts. Further research is needed including forecasts of changes in traffic volumes and the impact of meteorological conditions. The analysis can be the starting point for more advanced risk simulations and costbenefit analyses for shipping infrastructure investments. Originality/value: The article brings new value by analysing navigational risk based on AIS data in a specific investment context. It identifies practical steps to enhance navigational safety in one of the key transport areas in the region. It is aimed at both decision-makers responsible for port infrastructure development and professionals involved in maritime safety and spatial planning.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://managementpapers.polsl.pl/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/223-Ko%C5%9Bcielecki-Kotkowska.pdf

DOI: 10.29119/1641-3466.2025.223.11

Tytuł:  Identification of Navigational Risks Associated with Wind Farms

Autor/Autorzy: Krzysztof Marcjan, Diana Kotkowska

Miejsce publikacji: European Research Studies Journal

Rok: 2023

Słowa kluczowe: AIS, wind farm structures, offshore wind energy

Abstrakt: This paper analyses navigational hazards associated with vessel traffic around wind farms. Monitoring ship movements in the area of an offshore wind farm has a significant impact on the safety not only of the wind farm itself, but also on the safety of navigation. The study investigated the monitoring of ship traffic in the area of the Southern Baltic Sea in the region of planned wind farms to identify risks associated with new offshore renewable energy projects. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis of hazards and their consequences in the study area was carried out using the risk matrix method. The study was based on AIS data from the years 2021, 2020 and 2019, related to the area of the planned project and adjacent areas. Risk identification and analysis was performed for the three life stages of the wind farm: construction, operation and decommissioning. Findings: Based on the research and analysis of extensive information on the traffic of vessels including various vessel types and functions, the authors have made an in-depth analysis of maritime safety around planned investment projects related to the construction of renewable energy sources along the Polish coast. The results made it possible to identify factors affecting navigational safety, as well as to analyse the risks associated with vessel traffic in the vicinity of planned wind farms. Practical Implications: The results obtained in the study allow the estimation of navigational safety in the region around wind farms in the Southern Baltic Sea. Originality/Value: Numerous investments in renewable energy sources such as offshore wind farms are planned along the Polish coast in the years to come. Investing in offshore wind energy ideally addresses Europe's current energy problems and European projects, which include the need to replace coal-fired power stations with much more environmentally friendly sources of renewable energy. An essential factor in planning such future investments is navigational safety in the vicinity of these facilities. This analysis is a new approach to identifying the various risks associated with the construction of wind farms.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ersj.eu/journal/2567

DOI: 10.35808/ersj/3134

Tytuł: The collision risk management method for ships navigating on coastal waters based on probabilistic domain and near-miss concept

Autor/Autorzy: Krzysztof Marcjan, Lucjan Gucma, Diana Kotkowska

Miejsce publikacji: European Research Studies Journal

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: Ship collision, navigational risk management, ship domain, AIS data analysis, near-miss of collision

Abstrakt: Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present an innovative method of identification of navigational near-misses on the basis of a probabilistic domain, which can be used to assess the safety of navigation and to discover places potentially dangerous for navigation. Design/Methodology/Approach: Probabilistic domain construction based on a large amount of AIS data in a selected navigational area. Findings: In order to build and develop methods to assess the safety of navigation, ship probabilistic domains for three types of vessel encounter situations have been determined based on the AIS traffic monitoring data. Domains have been constructed for vessels moving in open waters with high traffic density in the Southern Baltic Sea. Practical Implications: One of the most important concepts concerning the safety of navigation at sea is the ship domain. The authors believe that data from vessel monitoring systems can be used to determine the limits of distances between passing vessels that are characteristic of specific water areas and fully take into account all factors influencing navigational decisions. Originality/Value: The novelty presented in the article is the method of navigational near-misses identification based on the probabilistic ship domain, which is universal for all vessels in a selected area.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ersj.eu/journal/2567

DOI: 10.35808/ersj/2567

Tytuł: New Technologies For Natural Gas Supply In The Baltic Sea - Economic Aspect

Autor/Autorzy: Ewelina Chłopińska, Diana Kotkowska, Alexander Autzen

Miejsce publikacji: European Research Studies Journal

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: Baltic Sea, liquefied natural gas, marine fuel,small scale LNG

Abstrakt: Modern technology is contributing to the development of projects and modifications to existing Liquefield Natural Gas (LNG) import terminals that enable efficient distribution of liquefied natural gas. When considering Small Scale LNG (SSLNG), it is important to consider the amount of LNG demand and how the feedstock will be distributed. This paper describes SSLNG technology initiatives that guarantee fast and attractive returns in the medium term. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the first part of the paper, theoretical background of LNG is described. The SSLNG supply chain and the main actors in the distribution process were characterized. Findings: The method of determining the LNG price, which depends on many components, was determined. Distribution costs were classified with reference to the SSLNG fleet in terms of the type of propulsion used. The benefits of implementing SSLNG were indicated. In the next part of the study, the predicted number of vessels which will use LNG as propellant was simulated. This made it possible to determine the price of LNG. The analysis was performed using the Monte Carlo method on the example of the Baltic Sea with a forecast to 2026. Practical implications: SSLNG technology with reduced investment requirements and a short commissioning period reduces the uncertainty of project timing. Depending on the choice of LNG management, different actors are involved in the supply chain. The analyses presented here show that participants in the distribution process have a significant impact on network integration. SSLNG enables the addition of capacity to have the ability to handle increased demand for LNG. Thus, it is possible to synchronize the supply chain. Originality value: For the first time, to our knowledge, determining the situation, anticipating, monitoring, and responding to changes is the basis for designing SSLNG for optimal use.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ersj.eu/journal/2458

DOI: 10.35808/ersj

Tytuł: The Influence of Weather in Determining the Probability of Detecting an Object in Distress during SAR Operations

Autor/Autorzy: Diana Kotkowska, Kinga Drwięga

Miejsce publikacji: European Research Studies Journal

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: SAR, VTS, SAR operations, POD, POS.

Abstrakt: Planning an effective rescue operation is a subject of many factors. The success of SAR operation depends primarily on the accuracy of the information received and the conditions on the scene. Due to the impossibility of eliminating the danger and risk of accidents at sea, it becomes necessary to prevent and minimize their possible consequences to the greatest extent possible. The basic idea of the study is to develop a research scheme to estimate both the most likely position of an object in distress and to determine the possibility of a successful SAR operation. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was carried out using the SAR Navi-Harbour. TRANSAS 5000 module to plan and monitor rescue actions in a selected area. Simulations of conducting SAR operations were designed in the Baltic Sea area using the actual available SAR equipment. Findings: This paper presents the influence of various factors on the effectiveness of SAR operations. It determines the probability of object detection (POD) and the likelihood of success (POS) for different weather condition scenarios that allow an analysis of the effectiveness of used SAR equipment and chosen searching patterns, which directly impact the success of the SAR operation. Practical Implications: The results obtained in the simulations support the decision-maker at all stages of SAR rescue planning. The use of the simulation method becomes an alternative to the traditional way of planning. Originality/Value: The article shows the need to use available market simulators to support the whole SAR operation at each stage.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ersj.eu/journal/2476

DOI: 10.35808/ersj/2476

Tytuł: Identification of errors comitted by Vessel Traffic Service operators

Autor/Autorzy: Diana Kotkowska, Krzysztof Marcjan

Miejsce publikacji: Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin-Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: human factor, VTS operator, VTS system, human error identification, operator reliability, VTS simulation

Abstrakt: This paper examines the factors affecting the performance of VTS operators. A general review of the human factor as a determinant of navigational safety is presented. The elementary nature of the system and its structure are defined, and the ability of a VTS operator to perform planned tasks within a specified timeframe and in a specific manner is analyzed. A reliability assessment scheme is proposed, which is based on the interpretation of factors affecting the VTS operator’s efficiency. The effective performance of VTS operators, along with the specific nature of the maritime environment and reliability of the vessel traffic management support, are key determinants in the process of ensuring the reliability and security of the entire system.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/2660

DOI: 10.17402/461

Tytuł: VTS Simulator SAR Module for Rescue Operation Planning

Autor/Autorzy: Diana Kotkowska

Miejsce publikacji: Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin-Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: SAR, VTS, SAR action assessment, POS, POD

Abstrakt: This article presents the capabilities of a SAR module during rescue operation planning and control. The Navi-Harbour SAR module was used during an exercise, which enabled an operator to plan and monitor the rescue operations of selected water areas. To present the basic capabilities of this module, we prepared a case for the SAR action for a man overboard in the Baltic Sea using actual available SAR resources in this area. For the basic assumptions of the scenario, a research plan was developed that included an assessment of the most probable position of a threatened unit, taking into account the weather conditions in this area.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/2629

DOI: 10.17402/430